Page 4: Where Is It?
1. Canada is the biggest country in North America.
Canada (Proper Noun专有名词, subject)
is (Linking Verb（连）系动词, present tense)
the biggest country (Noun Phrase: determiner限定词 + superlative最高级的 adj. + noun)
in North America (Prepositional Phrase介词短语, adverbial of place地点状语)
→ Simple sentence, SVC structure.
2. It is so big that it reaches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
It (Pronoun, subject)
is (Linking Verb)
so big (Adjective Phrase with degree adverb副词 “so”)
that it reaches… (Result Clause, introduced by “so…that”)
- it (subject)
- reaches (Verb, transitive)及物动词
- from…to… (Prepositional Phrase indicating range)
→ Complex sentence (main clause主句 + result adverbial clause结果状语从句).
3. Canada is farther north than most other countries.
Canada (Proper Noun)
is (Linking Verb)
farther north (Comparative比较级的 Adverb Phrase)
than most other countries (Comparative Clause, elliptical: “than [they are]”)
→ Comparative structure, simple sentence with comparative clause.
Page 5:
4. Canada has only one neighbor, the United States.
Canada (Subject)
has (Transitive Verb)及物动词，需要有直接宾语
only one neighbor (Direct Object) 直接宾语
, the United States (Appositive同位语的 Noun Phrase renaming “neighbor”)
→ Simple sentence.简单句
5. Ottawa is the country’s capital.
Ottawa (Proper Noun)
is (Linking Verb)
the country’s capital (表语)名词所有格，作定语
→ Simple SVC.
6. The city’s buildings are fun to visit.
The city’s buildings (Noun Phrase, possessive所有格 + plural noun)
are (Linking Verb)
fun to visit (Adjective + Infinitive Complement动词不定式)
→ SVC with infinitive complement (“fun to visit” = enjoyable when you visit them).
Page 6:
7. Nearly all Canadians speak French, English, or both.
Nearly all Canadians (Quantified定量的 Noun Phrase)
speak (Transitive Verb)
French, English, or both (Compound Direct Object)符合宾语
→ Simple sentence, coordination.
8. People come from far-away countries to live in Canada.
People (Subject)
come (Intransitive Verb) 不及物动词
from far-away countries (PP, source)
to live in Canada (Infinitive of Purpose)目的不定式
→ Simple sentence with purpose infinitive.
9. Lots of people live in cities in Canada.
Lots of people (Quantified NP名词短语)
live (Intransitive Verb)
in cities in Canada (Nested嵌套的PP介词短语: location within location)
→ Simple.
10. Other people live in small towns.
Parallel structure to above.
11. Together, all of these different people make Canada strong.
Together (Adverb)
all of these different people (NP with determiners + adjectives)
make (Causative Verb)
Canada (Object)
strong (Object Complement, adjective)
→ SVO + OC (causative construction).
Page 7:
12. Most Canadians live in big cities in the south of Canada.
Standard locative方位介词 sentence.
13. Few people live in the far north.
Contrast with形成对比 above using “few”.
Page 8: Land
14. Canada has many different landforms.
Simple possession.所有
15. In the west are rows of steep mountains.
Inverted sentence (for emphasis强调/place description):
Normal order: “Rows of steep mountains are in the west.”
In the west (PP,介词短语 fronted)
are (Verb)
rows of steep mountains (Subject after verb → inversion)
16. Then there are flat or rolling plains.
Existential有关存在的 “there are” construction.
17. A high flat area with thousands of lakes is in the middle.
Subject: “A high flat area with thousands of lakes” (NP with prepositional前置词 modifier)
Predicate: “is in the middle”这才是真正的主结构
18. The land in the south is where most of the cities are.
where most of the cities are = Noun Clause acting as subject complement (predicative clause).
→ This is one of the few complex structures.
Grammatically: “where” = relative adverb introducing a fused relative clause (= “the place in which…”).
19. In the east are hills.
Inversion again.
20. In the north, the land is covered with ice and snow.
Passive-like construction but actually adjectival: “covered” functions as adjective (not true passive because no agent).
Alternative analysis: Predicative表语的 Adjective Phrase.
Page 10: Animals
21. Some animals live only in the cold north.
Simple.
22. Others live only in the mountains or forests.
Parallel.
23. Polar bears and baby harp seals live in the north.
Compound subject.
24. They both have white fur to hide on the snow.
to hide on the snow = Infinitive of purpose.
25. Big sheep live in the mountains.
Refers to bighorn sheep or Rocky Mountain goats (see photo).
26. They have feet that help them climb rocks.
that help them climb rocks = Defining Relative Clause modifying “feet”.
- that (relative pronoun关系代词, subject of clause从句的主语)
- help (verb)
- them (object)
- climb rocks (bare infinitive complement of “help”)
→ First clear relative clause in text.
27. Many animals in Canada move in winter and spring.
Simple.
28. Canada geese fly south every winter.
Simple.
29. They return in the spring when it is warmer.
when it is warmer = Adverbial Clause of Time (subordinate clause).
→ Complex sentence.
Page 12–13: Celebrations
30. All across Canada, people celebrate winter.
Adverbial fronting.
31. There are festivals for ice-skating and ice carving.
Existential “there are”.
32. There are dogsled races across the snow.
Same structure.
33. The biggest winter festival is in Quebec City.
Superlative + location.
34. There is an ice castle to visit and games to play.
Two infinitive phrases as post-modifiers:不定时可以补充很多结构，这里是状语
- “an ice castle [to visit]”
- “games [to play]”
→ Reduced relative clauses (full: “that you can visit / play”).
Page 14: Conclusion
35. Canada is a very big country with many different landforms and animals.
NP with prepositional modifier “with…”.
36. It has many different people, too.
Simple.
37. Canadians say their differences make them strong.
say + that-clause (omitted省略 “that”):
- their differences (subject of embedded clause)
- make them strong (SVO + OC)
→ Reported speech / embedded clause (one of the most complex sentences).
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